This week I had the writing exercises about PUNCTUATION:
COMMA SEMICOLON COLON APOSTROPHE PARENTHESES ITALICS DASH QUOTATION MARKS
COMMA
Series | coordinate adjectives | compound elements and sentences | introductory elements | interrupters | nonessential examples | expressions of contrast | dates and addresses | confirmatory questions | names and titles | clarification
Example:
Caution: Do not place commas between two items separated by and or between three items separated from one another by ands.
Incorrect:
Correct:
Remember to place a comma before the coordinating conjunction joining the last two elements of the series. Otherwise, the intended meaning of the sentence may not be clear.
Confusing:
Confusing:
2. Between Coordinate Adjectives – Place commas between equal adjectives with no
coordinating conjunction between them.
coordinating conjunction between them.
Example:
Incorrect:
3. Before FANBOYS between Independent Clauses in Compound Sentences
The war lasted for two years, but very few people supported it.
Caution: Do not place a comma between two items with FANBOYS when one item is not a complete sentence.
Caution: Do not place a comma between two items with FANBOYS when one item is not a complete sentence.
Incorrect:
Incorrect:
Note: The comma may be omitted between independent clauses if a sentence is very short.
Example:
4. Nonessential Adjective Clauses / Nonessential participial phrases - Separate unneeded adjective clauses and participial phrases from the rest of the sentence.
Examples: 
Caution: Do not separate needed adjective clauses and participial phrases from the rest of the sentence.
Incorrect:
A. Long prepositional phrases or a succession of prepositional phrases
Examples:
Note: With short introductory prepositional phrases, the comma is optional.
Examples:
B. Participial phrases
Examples:
Example:
Caution: Do not separate gerunds functioning as sentence subjects from the rest of the sentence.
Incorrect:
Correct:
Example:
Note: To test whether the introductory infinitive is adverbial, place "in order" in front of the infinitive. If the resulting sentence makes sense. the introductory infinitive is adverbial and should be followed by a comma.
Caution: Do not place a comma after an introductory infinitive that is not adverbial.
Incorrect:
Correct:
Caution: Do not place a comma before an adverbial infinitive at the end of the sentence.
Incorrect:
Correct:
Example:
Incorrect:
Correct:
F. Mild interjections (well, yes, no, why, etc.)
Examples:
A. Parenthetical expressions and transitions (in my opinion, unfortunately, moreover, of course, as a matter of fact, indeed, for example, etc.)
Example:
Example:
Caution: Do not separate essential appositives with commas.
Incorrect:
In the above example, the appositive is essential since there is more than one daughter.
Therefore, do not place commas around the appositive.
Therefore, do not place commas around the appositive.
Correct:
C. Direct Address
Examples:
Examples:
Caution: Do not separate essential examples with commas.
Incorrect:
Correct:
Examples:
9. Dates and Addresses - When a date or address with several parts occurs in a sentence, place a comma between each element and after the last part.
Examples:
Caution: When the date or address has only one element or has its individual parts separated by words in the sentence, do not use a comma within or after the date or address.
Incorrect:
Correct:
10. Before Confirmatory Questions - Place a comma between the confirmatory question and the statement that precedes it.
Example:
Example:
Examples:
1. Between independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunctions |
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) |
Example |
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2. Between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb Example |
 |
Example  |
4. Between independent clauses containing internal punctuation – even when the clauses |
are joined by coordinating conjunctions. |
Example |
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1. Before formally introducing a list (*An independent clause must precede the colon.) |
Examples |
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Incorrect |
 |
2. Between two independent clauses when the second explains or expands the first
Examples |
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3. Before a formal appositive (*An independent clause must precede the colon)
Example |
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Incorrect |
 |
4. Between hour and minute / chapter and verse (Bible)
Examples |
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1. To show ownership (to form the possessive case of nouns) |
Examples |
    |
2. To show joint ownership with nouns
Example  |
3. To show individual ownership with nouns
Example
4. To show ownership with indefinite pronouns
Examples  |
NOTE:
Do not use an apostrophe to form the possessive case of the personal possessive pronoun
its.
its.
Example
Do use an apostrophe with its to mean it is or it has.
Correct
5. To form the plural of letters, numbers, and signs, and of words referred to as words.
Examples  |
Use PARENTHESES
1. To enclose interrupting elements that add information or identification
Examples |
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2. To enclose figures or letters when used for enumeration within a sentence
Example |
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Dash
To set off parenthetical matter
Example  |
NOTE: UNLIKE PARENTHESES, WHICH MINIMIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE. |
PARENTHETICAL MATERIAL, DASHES EMPHASIZE PARENTHETICAL |
MATERIAL. |
Notice the different emphasis in each sentence.
ITALICS (underlining)
1. For words, letters, and figures referred to as such
Examples  |
2. For foreign, technical (including mathematical expressions), or unusual words and phrases.
Examples
3. For titles of books, newspapers, magazines, journals, plays, movies, radio programs, TV programs, long musical works, long poems, works of art, names of ships and airplanes. |
Examples |
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1. To enclose titles of minor works: articles, essays, poems, songs, chapters of |
books, short stories, episodes of radio/TV programs. |
Examples |
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2. To enclose words used ironically or where the term so-called could be inserted. |
Examples  |
3. To enclose a direct quotation: a person's exact words
Example
 |
Incorrect
Correct
 |
NOTES FOR DIRECT QUOTATIONS:
1. Start the quotation with a capital letter. |
2. Place commas and periods INSIDE the quotation marks. |
3. Place semicolons and colons OUTSIDE the quotation marks. |
4. Place question marks and exclamation marks INSIDE the quotation marks if the quotation itself is a question or an exclamation. 5. Place question marks and exclamation marks OUTSIDE the quotation marks if the quotation itself is NOT a question or exclamation. |
SINGLE QUOTATION MARKS to enclose a quotation inside another quotation.
Examples |
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If the quotation within another quotation is a question or an exclamation, place appropriate punctuation next to the item concerned. Examples |
Question quotation inside statement quotation  Statement quotation inside question quotation  |
Question quotation inside question quotation  |
Exclamation quotation inside question quotation or Question quotation inside exclamation quotation  |
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